Agricultural Land Use in Qalqilia District PDF |
| Ghazi Abdelfatah Ali Mohmmad |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ahmad Ra’fat Ghodieh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 158 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Agricultural Land Use in Qalqilia District By Ghazi Abdelfatah Ali Mohmmad Supervisor Dr. Ahmad Ra’fat Ghodieh Abstarct Lying at the feet of Nablus hills, and within the Palestinian inland coastal area, Qalqilya Governorate, home to 35 localities, has witnessed in the past years significant changes in the uses of agricultural land. There was a change in the use of agricultural land from an unirrigated pattern to a modern irrigated protected pattern (green houses). This study sought to identify both the human and natural factors affecting agricultural land use and distribution. It also aimed at identifying the social and economic characteristics of agricultural land owners as well as the role of the farmers in developming the agricultural patterns. Furthermore, the researcher examined the most important changes in the structure crop in the past, and analysed the current use of agricultural land in the Governorate. To these ends, the |
Monday, February 1, 2010
Agricultural Land Use in Qalqilia District
Al-Andalus during the Rule of Al-Wolah H 91 – 138, A. D 711 - 756
Al-Andalus during the Rule of Al-Wolah H 91 – 138, A. D 711 - 756 PDF |
| Ashraf Ya'qoub Ahmed Ishteiwi |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr.Hisham Abu Irmeilah - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 218 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This research studies and analyses an important period of Al-Andalus's history known as the age of Alwolah which (92-138/711-756). The one who rule in Al-Andalus Wali or The Prince and so was the age called. Those Wolah followed the governor of Africa and he appointed them. In some other cases the Umayyad Caliphate interfered directly in appointing some of them, and sometimes the people of Al-Andalus appointed their rules and waited for the official agreement either from the government of Africa or from Damascus the center of the Caliphate then. Those Wolah reaches 20 and the ruled for a period of 42 years. This shows the instability and the confusion which Al-Alandus witnessed. Their capital at first was Ishbilia then Corduba which remained their capital all their rule. Although the sources don't give and precise information about this age, we find that the Wolah did their best to control the country financially and politically. Many of them cared for the architectural buildings specially the military ones since this age was the age of establishment and futooh. This age wasn't an infertile or a dark one as much as some sources picture it, but it laid the first steps for organizing Al-Andulas. This organization become a foundation for every administrational organization hereafter. Those Wolah also raised the Flag of Al jihad and was committed to spreading Islam in Al-Andalus and the neighboring countries. This age, which is the subject of this research, witnessed confusion and internal troubles which occurred between the Arabs and the Barbar and between the Arabs themselves which leaded to confusion in Al-Andalus. The enemies of Muslims used his to stop the Islamic Fath which was doing their direction, and the Christian groups who lived in the northern parts started to expand and advance their borders At the expense of the Muslims being occupied with their disputes and leaving the Jihad and the protection of the borders of the Islamic stare. The Islamic Fath was reason for the appearance of new groups which were not known before like the Arabs, the Barbar, the Musalimah the Musta' riboon, the Slaves and the Saqalibah. These groups played an important role in what infected the Muslims in this age and the ages to follow. The Andalus also witnessed in this period some economical and agricultural activities, which were influenced by the internal actions that dominated in that age. |
Ownership During the Age of the Prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him)
Ownership During the Age of the Prophet Mohammad (Peace Be Upon Him) PDF |
| Amena Mahmoud Ibrahimm Abu Hatab |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Judeh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| * |
| 111 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study investigates the ownership during the age of the Prophet, Mohammad, Messenger of God (Peace be upon him). The research is divided into four chapters in addition to an appendix its sources and references. Chapter One: Islam and Ownership. In this chapter, the researcher studies the ownership and its forms of the Arabs of the northern and southern regions of Arabia at the eve of Islam introduction. Then the concept of money especially immovable property (i.e. real property) is investigated. Afterwards, the researcher discusses the Messengers stand of the ownership of those who converted into Islam, the real taxes imposed upon those properties. The Messenger did not recognize the pagans’ ownership of lands not even their bloods. This chapter is concluded by identifying the messenger’s stand of the ownership of non-Muslims including the Jews, Christians, and Magi. This stand took place at two stages: the first stage took place before conquering Mecca when the Messenger took hold of the Jewish properties either by fight or by surrendering without fighting according to the methods that the Jews decided to deal with the Messenger. The second stage took place after the conquest of Mecca and imposing the almsgiving when the Messenger was certain of the success of his state. Hence, the Jews and Christians were treated as the protected people (i.e. free non-Muslim people under the protection of Islam). By doing this, they conserved their ownership in return for paying Dane-geld for themselves and their properties. Chapter Two: Fief. This form of ownership comprised the largest and most important form of ownership at the time of the Messenger. There were many forms of fief at the time of the Messenger. He granted places for housing, unknown lands and waters, limited and known lands and water wells that were identified in various parts throughout Arabia. He also granted vast areas of lands in Syria before conquest for groups in various places, in addition o granting minerals for certain people, and granting movables from the treasury to various people. In this chapter, it has been concluded that the Messenger did not limit certain areas of fief. At the same time, those fiefs were for ownership not for exploitation. It should be noted that the Messenger granted those fiefs the tribes’ sheiks and lords on the one hand, and the businessmen of the Immigrants and the Supporters on the other. In this way, he confirmed the privatization principle in ownership. Chapter Three: Spoils and Loots. In this chapter, the researcher discusses the ownership that came from the lands of spoil and loots. In fact, they were the lands of the Jews in Medina, Khaiber, Fadak, and Wadi-el-Qura. The Messenger took hold of the Jewish properties of Bani-Nadheer, Khaiber and Fadak making him one of the largest Muslim property holders. Then, he granted his followers some pieces of Bani-Nadheer lands. He also granted the lands of Kateeba Fort to his relatives of Bani-Hashem and Bani Abdul-Mutaleb in addition to his wives, some of the Immigrants, and Arab groups. Finally, the researcher discusses in this chapter the ownership that developed after seizing the lands that Muslims looted from Bani-Quraitha, Khaibar, and Wadi-el-Qura. It is concluded in this chapter that the ownership of the Immigrants and the Supporters replaced the ownership of the Jews and finished them completely in Hijaz.
Chapter Four: Protection, Held Charities and Land Reclamation. In this chapter, the researcher discusses the development of collective ownership at the time of the Messenger in addition to the various forms of private ownership including land reclamation, purchasing and inheritance. The Messenger confirmed the legitimacy of land protection for the tribes. In addition, he protected lands outside Medina for the charity livestock. In this respect, the Messenger decided that all people have common ownership in three things: water, grazing lands, and fire. New concepts of collective ownership developed in Islam: the held charities (endowments) which were originally private properties whose holders decided to endow them before their death for the benefits of their off-springs. Those properties should not be sold, granted, nor should they be inherited, but their products should be distributed among the inheritors of the dead endower. It seems that those collective properties comprised some form of descendant endowment. The researcher also discusses the form of ownership through land reclamation. The Messenger stated that whoever reclaimed a piece of land, he shall get hold of it. No doubt that this form of ownership was exclusive to Muslim businessmen since the reclamation itself needed vast financial potentials. This chapter is concluded by referring to ownership forms through land purchase and land inheritance though these forms were limited at the time of the Messenger. |
Staging and Monitoring in Arabic and Non-Arabic Media Discourse
Staging and Monitoring in Arabic and Non-Arabic Media Discourse PDF |
| Adas, Dana Omar Abed Al-Kareem |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Ruqayah Herzallah - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Dr. Ruqayah Herzallah (First Supervisor) 2. Dr. Odeh Odeh (Second Supervisor) 3. Dr. Nabil Alawi (Committee Member) 4. Dr. Ahmad Atawneh (External Examiner). |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study aims at finding out how Arab & Western Media writers reflect their own manipulative reportage. In plain terms, the purpose of this study is to objectively foresee the responses of the readers through studying the hidden perspectives in media discourse. In the course of analyzing the texts from a discoursal perspective, the researcher will highlight how Arab and Non-Arab media writers stage their language. The analytical categories of the study include staging (thematic structures and linearization, passivization or activization, and lexical choice). Staging reveals how the writer’s topic area is structured and how avoiding staging, especially in media discourse, receives no cooperation on part of the readers, i.e. there is a good likelihood that they aren't implicitly affected. For the sake of analysis, three topics from six Arab, and six Non-Arab newspapers, are extracted. This data is analyzed in accordance with discourse analytical approaches (Brown and Yule, 1983; Beaugrande & Dressler, 1981). In this vein, one can understand how media is effectively manipulated in the Arab & Non-Arab Worlds. Other samples from expository news reports translated from Arabic into English are to be chosen to see how Arab translators render the texts into English since the study builds on the assumption that foreigners may read what Arabs write. The study ends with the conclusion that Arab media discourse (according to the present analysis) addresses two views, one defending the Israelis, and the other favouring the Palestinians. The former is portrayed through implicit linearization, i.e. linearization of themes. The latter is supported through (inconsistent) lexical emotiveness. When the text is translated into English, there is a good chance that it would not reflect the Palestinian viewpoint. Arab media writers may unintentionally order the themes in a way reflecting the Israeli attitude. It is this (un)intentionality that should be taken at face value. The study recommends that translators exert all their effort to transfer the actual viewpoint of the Arab public, and not that of the political parties or leaders. Arab writers, of the presented data, are required to pay attention to staging devices in media discourse especially when it comes to its indirect and hidden modes such as linearization. |
Markedness Theory as it Relates to Word Order in Translation between English and Arabic
Markedness Theory as it Relates to Word Order in Translation between English and Arabic PDF |
| Ibrahim Mohammed Salem Battat |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nabil Alawi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| Dr. Nabil Alawi, Chairman Dr. Ahmed Atawneh, External MemberDr. Ruqayia Herzallah, Internal Member Dr. Odeh Odeh, Internal Member |
| 161 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study deals with the problem of markedness in translation between English and Arabic. The two languages differ in word order and in the relative degree of freedom in word order because Arabic is an inflectional language. Such differences create problems to translators between the two languages. A sequence in one language may not have the same meaning of a sequence in the other language although both sequences have identical word order. The Arabic sentence المعلمُ مسحَ اللوحً does not mean “The teacher cleaned the board,” although both sentences have identical word order. The English translation does not account for the marked meaning signalled in the Arabic sentence by bringing the agent to front position before the verb. The problem of accounting for markedness in translation is approached at the sentence level between Classical Arabic and Modern Standard English. The unmarked (canonical) word order and the marked word order in Arabic are approached and justified in terms of the theory of the strength of the activity of agency in Arabic. This study also includes ways of signalling emphasis and markedness in Arabic. A distinction is made between information structure and syntactic structure of English in terms of the Hallidayan approach and the functional sentence perspective of the Prague School. Marked word order in English is approached in terms of the degree a component has on the scale of communicative dynamism. A distinction between correct and incorrect word orders in English is made in terms of phrase structure rules. This study includes recommendations for researchers to study other factors that affect word order in English and Arabic. |
Pastures in the Eastern Slopes of Palestine
Pastures in the Eastern Slopes of Palestine PDF |
| Najeh Mahmoud Mohammad H. Abed |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Abo Ommar - الأستاذ الدكتور محمد أبوصفط |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Pastures in the Eastern Slopes of Palestine By Najeh Mahmoud Mohammad H. Abed Supervisors Dr. Jamal Abo Ommar & Prof. Mohammad Abo Safat Abstract Pastures in general and in the eastern slopes in particular have a great role in local livestock sector. Recently, local pastures witnessed a great deal of deterioration. This affects local livestock operations. The objectives of this study were to examine the pastures through different aspects as the plant cover, habitat, problems of overgrazing and those related to the Israeli occupation authority. A well-constructed questionnaire was implemented to obtain data required from the total livestock farmers of about 1600. The study showed that only 20% of the pasture areas in the eastern slopes are accessible by farmers compared to the area before 1967. This limited area is not completely free for grazing as farmers in that district utilize some of the area in cultivation of some field crops. The study showed the limitation of water in the studied area where water is provided though water tanks. More than 70% of farmers in the area of the study are lacking in social, health and veterinary services. It was concluded from the study that plant cover in area is enough for only 10% of livestock population. Some recommendations were given to help improving the conditions of the eastern slopes pastures.
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Al-Fieyet Ibn Malik Between Ibn A'qeel and Al-Khudari
Al-Fieyet Ibn Malik Between Ibn A'qeel and Al-Khudari PDF |
| Ziad Tawfiq Mohammad Abu Kishk |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Professor Ahmad Hasan Hamed - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 279 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Al-Fieyet Ibn Malik Between Ibn A'qeel and Al-Khudari Prepared by Ziad Tawfiq Mohammad Abu Kishk Supervised by Professor Ahmad Hasan Hamed
Abstract Thank God who swore with pen and pray and peace by upon who received the Holy Koran, Mohammad peace be up him and upon his dynasty, and his right way until the Doomsday, and then: God honoured his nation with the Islam and strengthened her with the Koran and eased her this eloquent Arabic togue to serve this religion. Ibn Malak classified "Al-Kafyeh Al-Shafyeh" in syntax and etymology into three thousand very, and of them he brought "the summary" which is known with "Al-Fieyyet Obn Malek in about one thousand verses. Scientists took care of it well and explained it and construed its verses for its great importance in the syntactical lesson. Its explanations grew and most connected one was Ibn A'qeel's explanation the used at our universities, in statutes schools, libraries and even our houses as its reputation excelled the others, and it met unique acceptance that gave it unequalled merit. This explanation abundantly inspired the etymologists as they widely used it and took care of it. Of them was Al-Khudari in a margin named in his name, and that was known by those who penetrated in the etymology lesson. Many couldn't get it because of its non-abundance in the libraries and you can not get it but in the university and public libraries. The Researches and studies office superintended its printing and Dar El-Fiqr carried out the correctness of Yousef El-Shiekh Mohammad El-Biqai with its vowel printing and correction in 1995. then Turki Farhan El-Mustafa briefly commented on it in 1998. For the distinction of Ibn Aqeel's explanation from others and Al-Khudari's handling with the Al- Pieyyeh in a margin completely poilowed up, as he beautified and illustrated what he could, I made this research on comparing the explanation with the margin concentrating on the necessity of the Al-Fieyyeh first and showing the explainer's creed in two consecutive chapters then each one's methodology in another chapter, then each one's resources showing their styles through arousing the studiers and etymologists interest with ascertaining to the margins which stood on the explanations. In my research, I followed the method of description analyzing and comparison using the historic chronology for the knights of this field for the sake of arriving to comparison among associates in a parallel comparison study. I divided the research into five chapters: Chapter on: in it I spoke about the importance of the Al-Fieyyeh in the etymologic lesson. Chapter two: in it I handle the etymologist Ibn Aqeel's which he tracked on the his explanation of the Al-Fieyyeh verses. Chapter three: in it I handled Al-Khudari's creed in his margin on the Al-Feyyeh and explanation. Chapter four: I specialized the speech on each one's method and style which he followed in dealing what in his hands. But the last chapter, I rendered it to each other's resources they depended on in serving what they both did linguistically etymologically and symatically and in offering them to the wishers. Of my resources to my research are the Al-Fieyyeh book for the arudite Ibn Malek, Ibn Aqeel's explanation Youse'f El-Shiekh Mohammad El-Buqar's verification and I relied on Al-Khudari's margin through controlling, vowels pointing and correcting, and another more modern edition with Turki Farhan El-Mustafa comment. I stooped on many of the etymology books like El-Nazem and Awdah El-Masalel to Ibn Hisham, and Assalek's method to Al-Ashmuni, and Al-Sattan's margin, and Al-Makudi's explanation, and others. To get information about their resources mentioned in the explanation and margin, were the Holy Koran, the Honourable Hadith and book of interpretation like Bughyet Al-Wi'ah to Al-Seyati and Ghayet El-Nehaya to Ibn El –Jazari, and Al-Alam to Zarkali and Mu'jam Al-Mualifin to Kahala. And what faced me in writing this research was lackness of studies standing on searching in Ibn Aqeel's style widely picted but of what was found of lines in the etymological school books to Salem Makram Shawqi Dief, and Bdu El-Rajhi. The same was with its methodology and resources and non-bundance of study around Al-Khudari's margin which made me to great effort in anaysing penetrating deeply into this line by line and paper by paper to help myself in doing something good in this behalf. At last I ask God for my research to be useful for my compassionate mother (the Arabic) appreciating my love to her and dignity to her status
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A new Source of Fresh Green Feed (Hydroponic Barley)
A new Source of Fresh Green Feed (Hydroponic Barley) PDF |
| Intissar Fayez Adel Eshtayeh |
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| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Abu Omar - |
| Discussion Commity |
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| 51 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This research was conducted to investigate the performance of lactating Awassi ewes when fed the hydroponic barley (HB). HB is fresh forage cultivated without soil or nutrients as fertilizers in part of the experiment and cultivated with raw olive cake as a media in the other. Barley seeds utilized in the research were cultivated in special trays for germination. At one part barley seeds were placed in these trays alone while in the other parts half of the barley seeds were placed on a thin layer of olive cake as a media for germination. For the performance study a total of 20 lactating Awassi ewes were used. The research was based on five feeding groups. In the first ewes were fed a barley basal ration. In the second and third groups, HB was incorporated in rations at levels of 15 and 25%. In the fourth and fifth groups HBOC was fed to ewes at levels of 15 and 25%. The experimental forage was used to replace concentrated feed and part of barley that used in the ration of the control ewes. Milk production and milk components were monitored in this research. Body weight change, health problems, fertility and twin percent were also investigated. Results of the research showed that HB alone and with OC (HBOC) had various effects on most of the tested parameters. The HB and HBOC mass produced were 10 and 12 kg/ tray. Milk yield and milk total solids were the highest (P<0.05)> |
The Use of Organic Farming to Conserve Barley in Palestine
The Use of Organic Farming to Conserve Barley in Palestine PDF |
| Ja'far Abed Al Kareem Dawoud Salahat |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Hassan Abu Qauod - د. نعمان مزيد/ مشرف ثاني |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The Use of Organic Farming to Conserve Barley in Palestine Prepared By Ja'far Abed Al Kareem Dawuod Salahat Supervisor Dr. Hassan Abu QauodAbstract The effect of different levels of organic fertilizer levels and conventional chemical fertilizer on the production of three barley varieties was studied. The experiment was conducted during the season 2000 / 2001. Four levels of organic manufacture fertilizer (Shaham) (0, 150, 300, 450 kg \ dunum) were use Three barley varieties (Rum, Ryhan and Iba). The factorial treatment (varieties * fertilizers) were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicate for each treatment. the experiment was conducted at Tayaseer area near Jenin. Soil samples were taken before and after conduction of the experiment. The total Yield, grain yield, straw yield, plant length , spike length with and without awns and the weight of 1000 seed were measured. Seed samples were taken from each treatment for further chemical analysis. The results showed that the organic fertilizer increased significantly the total weight , grain weight and the straw weight for the three varieties however Rum variety exhibited significantly higher production than the other varieties. Plant length and spike length were not significantly affected by the organic fertilizer treatments however the weight of 1000 seed significantly decreased with
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Harnessing The Hereditary Udai Ibn Zaid Al-Abaddi’and Ummaya Ibn Abi e-salt e-Thaqafi’s Poetry
Harnessing The Hereditary Udai Ibn Zaid Al-Abaddi’and Ummaya Ibn Abi e-salt e-Thaqafi’s Poetry PDF |
| Sana Ahmed Saleem Abdullah |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ehsan El-Deek - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 459 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Harnessing The Hereditary Udai Ibn Zaid Al-Abaddi’s and Ummaya Ibn Abi e-Salt e-Thaqafi’s Poetry BySana Ahmed Saleem Abdullah Supervisor Dr. Ehsan El-DeekAbstract This study dwelt on the traditional. The importance of studying the traditional stems from its significant impact on society”, and human, religious, historical and literary ideology, for any development in any society needs appropriate effective, well-developed, cultural and social foundations which meet needs of people. The study, in addition to a preface and an intorudtion, had seven chapters and highlighted its significance in the past and at present. The researcher came to the conclusion that the interest in and scientific study of the traditional has a significant impact on poets’ minds and psyches as well as their education, thus reflecting all that in their poetry. Chapter one was devoted to the poets’ presence in both time and place. Each one represented a different environment, a different religion and culture. They interacted with them and liven the events of their eras and employed the traditional in an impressive fashion. In chapter two, the researcher surveyed the sources of the traditional in the pre-Islamic era as both poets had “durnk” from the same spring. The researcher dwelt on the environment and its impact on the Arab mentality, the ancient religious thought, the wonders of the Arabs and the historical events. |
the Signs of the
the Signs of the PDF |
| Abdulmin'm Mohammed Faris Suliman |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Yahia Abdalraouf Japer - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 187 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Then research dealt with the signs of the "religious text" in Ahmad Matter poets. The research consisted of an introduction and four chapters. At the introduction, the researcher briefly discussed the Poet's personality, the meaning of linguistic meaning of extraction, extraction within the critical heritage at some literary critics, then the meaning of text forming and its meaning on critic dimension, and containment as a principle alternative for text making. The researcher dealt in the first chapter with the Oral text with the Holy Qura'n in Mattar's poems, particularly the sentence then the single words similarity and containment, and then the researcher showed some examples of the meaning containment from the Qura'n . In the second chapter the researcher discussed the religious text making with the Honorable saying, in words and meaning . The third chapter showed a new type of containment at Ahmad Mattar, expressed through recalling the folklore characters and the historical events with a religious dimension. In the last chapter the containment discussed was related to the methodical text making compared to the Qura'n methods in text forming, here the researcher used several types and images with various methods of changing text methods, where the researcher showed the separation between subject and object, the verb and its related necessities, the conditional case and the response or result. Finally, the researcher used an abstract and the conclusions of the study adding some tables showing the sites of text making of a single word. |
The Impact of Income Tax on Financing the listed Corporation inPalestinian Security Exchange
The Impact of Income Tax on Financing the listed Corporation inPalestinian Security Exchange PDF | |
| Abderrahman Oqla Ali Salfiti | |
| Supervisor(s) | |
| Dr. Hisham Jabr - | |
| Discussion Commity | |
| 180 صفحة | |
| Abstract : | |
Abstract This thesis examines the effect of income taxes on corporations financing - a case study on corporations being listed at the Palestinian securities exchange market located in Nablus. The study consists of five chapters as the following: The first chapter is the introduction, the statement of the problem, importance and objectives for the study. This is in addition to describing the conduct and the limitations of the study. The second chapter deals with taxes; varieties, characteristics, the taxing system as well as focusing on income tax and elaborating on the income before taxes, taxes rebate and the expenses that are being excluded from the income statement. The third chapter discusses corporations; the characteristics and the formulation, the equity capital that consists of common stock, preferred, paid in capital and retained earnings in addition to analyzing the cost of capital for corporations. This is in addition to investigating the sources of financing for there corporations, short term, medium term and long term financing.
The fifth chapter concludes that corporations can be divided into two parts:
- First: Debt corporations that depend solely in financing their assets on debt depending on the interest expenses being deducted from the operating income for tax purposes. - Second: No-debt corporations that depend exclusively in financing their asset on equity except for seasonal needs and emergencies. The study concludes the following: 1- Corporations has to verify and investigate the optimum financial structure that is characterized by profitability, flexibility and control to fulfill debt obligations as they come due. 2- Constitutions are to be legislated to encourage investment in corporations. 3- Governmental regulations have to be of those that encourage savings and investment. 4- Corporation have to determine the optimal capital structure that minimizes cost. 5- Seasonal needs have to be financed on short term basis and thus utilizing the privilege of deducting interest expenses for tax purposes. 6- Improving the Palestinian securities exchange market. 7- Renovating the policies of corporate income taxes to respond to the contemporary needs of social and economic development. | |
2000-2004(Reasons and Possible Remedies)Tax Evasion by the Self-Employed in Jenin
2000-2004(Reasons and Possible Remedies)Tax Evasion by the Self-Employed in Jenin PDF |
| Mohammed A. Mohamoud Juma'a |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Tariq el-Hajj - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 183 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study sought to identify the nature, and prevalence of tax evasion by the self-employed in Jenin. It also endeavored to find out the reasons behind the spread of this phenomenon given its bad effects on the national economy. In chapters one and two, the researcher set a theoretical framework for the study. He began with the nature of tax in general, and free trades subject to taxes and then he moved to the reasons which lead the self-employed to evade tax payment. To these ends, he made a review of relevant literature, tax laws, and Palestinian Income Tax Law of 2004 in particular, effective in Palestinian Territories. He also dwelt on some tax laws in neighboring countries. In chapter three, the researcher conducted a field survey of the self-employed in Jenin in order to find out the reasons behind tax evasion according to them. A random sample of 297 tax evaders, all self-employed, was chosen to identify the factors contributing to tax evasion. To this end, a questionnaire was developed. For analysis of results, the researcher used SPSS. After collection and analysis of data, it was found that there were drawbacks in the Palestinian Income Tax articles particularly pertaining to concessions and tax breaks given to the self-employed in comparison with counterpart laws in other countries. There was also a drawback in the law text pertinent to tax collection from the self-employed by way of discount at source. This has led to the waste of huge amounts of money due to the government coffers (treasury). It also found that there was a lack of sufficient coordination, in the field, between tax departments and other government agencies, on exchange of information on tax payers. The respondents said that the implementation of taxation, lowering tax rate and improvement of the economic situation are all considered important factors to bring down percentage of tax evasion by the self-employed. In the light of these findings, the researcher recommends the development of a joint information system for the tax departments, government ministries and agencies. He also recommends equal tax treatment and tax fairness in a way that creates a balance between tax categories and the ability of tax payers. He also recommends launching tax awareness campaign among tax payers and removing the psychological barriers between tax payer and tax administration. This can be through holding workshops, seminars, information booklets and apprising tax payers of tax changes and modifications. He also recommends simplification and easing tax procedures, and treating tax payers with respect, creating an atmosphere of confidence and relaxation between tax payers and tax authorities. Finally, the researcher suggested providing training courses for human cadres in each tax department to increase their tax collection skills particularly from the self-employed. |
Audit for Tax Purposes
Audit for Tax Purposes PDF |
| Mohammad Mahmoud Theeb Husu |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Hassan Falah Alhaj Mosa - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 248 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Audit for Tax Purposes Prepared by Mohammad Mahmoud Theeb Husu Supervised by Dr. Hassan Falah Alhaj Mosa Abstract This research has been conducted to assure the importance of achieving Systematic Audit Approach. This can be achieved through studying the structural relationship between the Tax Systems and the Standards of different audit activities practiced currently in the economic units in Palestine. The researcher has studied many literary writings related to audit and tax sciences in order to achieve his goal in establishing an active auditing system. He used the analytical reading approach in addition to analyzing system, making good use of his practical experience as an auditor in one hand and manager for more than one in Tax Departments in the Ministry of Finance in Palestine on the other hand. The study results have shown that the success in managing Tax Units, stopping evasion and the falsification of accounts, do not lie only in punishing means written in Tax Laws or Professional Standards Institutions, but it lies in the well organized Tax Administration. The study recommends the following: 1) The necessity of hasting the endorsement of suggested Palestine Income Tax and the serious thinking in changing the V.A.T law in a way that suits the specialties of Palestinian economic condition . 2) Harmonization between Tax Legislation and PSCPA in order to find lawful articles to punish those who work illegally. 3) The Tax Legislation should take care into accounts the principle of segregation of duties in tax process to ensure the neutrality and cleanliness in work, and applying the principle of accountability. The Tax Administration should adopt the principle of historical reconciliation between the Palestinian traders and the tax responsibles in order to remove the bad effects of the occupation. |
Ab-U`baidah
Ab-U`baidah PDF |
| Eihab Fawzi Tawfiq Al-Haji |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Adnan Milhim - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 949 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Abu U`baidah is Mu`mar Ibn El-Muthana, the sponsor of Tayim Ibn Murrah who was from Quraish mainly the branch of Abu Baker El-sideeq who was also of Jew origin from Bajorwan. He was born in 110 A.H at the time of Abd-Allah Al-Mamun "D.218 A.H." Abu-Ubaidah was grown up in Al-Basra, then from there he travelleal to Persia then to Baghdad. He was with good relation with the Men of the Abasi state whom they had a role in arriving him to Baghdad. He went to their places read at them his books. His classifications were 158 books. Eight books remained: "El-Naqa`d", "Majaz El-Qura`n", "El-Khail", "Al-A`qaqah and Al-Bararah", "Tasmeyah Azwaj Al-Nabi", "El-Muhadarat and Al-Muhawarat", "Al-Ma`alim "and a peom for Abu- Ubaida ending with "L" Letter. He was treated from El-khawarij scholars. He took care of collecting their news, he maintioned their characteristics and titles, and he justified their protrusion on the state and he gave it a religious protrusion. I paid attention in this study for collecting their historical narrations which was narrated by Abu-U`baidah and which are kept in heritage books. He narrated about seventy six scholars who were distinct by their varied sciences. He took care also in predication, he used both the collective and the singular predication. Some of his marrtions were unpredicated. Fifty six pupils, who were distinct in their varied sciences, narrated about Abu-U`baidah, and he used to have a special seminar at Al-Basra Mosque in which he read on his pupils and answered their questions. Abu-U`baidah wrote the history from linguists points of view. He used to collect the narrations connected with a special event in one book, and he mentioned more than a narration about one subject. Not only was he a pure collector of narrations but he was also a critic of the text or the teller in which he interfered to reject or substitute or illaburate ice text. His way of writing was literate and narrative, his language was easy and clear, he used dialogue and illusion and so that gave his narrations attractive literate aspect. He took care throughout his narrations time, sites, Quran verses. Prophet's says, saying, reconcilement treaties, he tops, speeches and poetry elements. He studied widely he nor them Arab filed of narration comprehensively which left an effect on the choice school in that era and so most of the historians like Al-Tabari "D.310 A.H" and Ibn Al-A`thir depended upon him a lot "D.630 A.H. |
Environmental Impoct Assesment of Separation wall Which built in Wast Bank
Environmental Impoct Assesment of Separation wall Which built in Wast Bank PDF |
| Mazen Ibrahim Hasan Salman |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Professor Dr. Marwan Haddad - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 171 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This research handled the study and analysing of the environmental effects resulted from building the separating wall and according to the circumstances the Palestinian citixens live especially during the second Intifada (Al-Aqsa Intifada) the various effects resulted and which the last one of then was erecting the recial separation wall on the Palestinian citizens' lands. The importance of this study for the Palestinians hides in that the wall is the thing which caused them to lose their living resorerces land and water, uprooting their trees and it separated them and caused them to leve in contons, the matter which destroyed their economy and environment, whereas the Zoinist entity fobernment built this wall on the Palestinian citizens lands and among their villages and tonses. For this its effects were destructive for man, animal, trees and stone. The problem did not only confine to the persons whose houses were destroyed and lands were eroded and their trees were uprooted, but it also surpassed and their effects were apparent on a big sector of the Palestinian people, and it is confine that it studies the case of the Gitizen who was harmed because of the wall but it studies the effect of the wall on the Palestinian environment as a whole as it stadies thae effect of the wall on animals and wild plants and even on th air, water and Pastares. This study aimed at acquainting with the environmental effects resulted form building whe separating wall on the Palestinian people's lands and evaluating the extent of the wall effect on the Palestinian environment and limiting the environmental risks resulted from erecting the wall. But as for the time and place, this study dealt with the effects resulted from erecting the separating wall in the period 2003-2004, and it includer there gorenorates: Jenin, Qalqiliah, Jerusalem by a lot. The effects were great as it percentage on it was 76.01% and this expresses the effect of the hygienic sector greatly, and on the environmental sector it was great and with great loss. Table (34) illustrates that the effects were great as the respanse percentage was 76.01% and this expresses the effect of the hygienic sector was great. But as for the effects on the enveronmental sector were great but less effective comparable with the other hygienic, environmeatal, water, agricultural and economical sectors as the response percentage reached to 70.41%. As for the educational considerations, the study results indicate that the response percentage reaches to 74.42%, and this indicates that, the effect on the educational sector was big. As for the water consideratins, the study indicates that this sector was the most a ffected one by the wall as the response percentage was 78.19% and this percentage is considered of the highest percentages after the agriculteral and economical considerations. The results of table (34) indicates that the agricalteal sector was one of the most harmed as the response percentage was 78.52% and this assures that the basic goal was to annex the Palestinian lands and destray the table lands. But as for the social and environmental considerations, the result of this study indicates that this sector was the most harmed comparable with the other sectors as the response percentage was 79.68%. But as for the considerations of establishments, the study indicates that this sector is one of the least affected by the wall companable with the other sectors as the response percentage was 57.75%. this shows that the establishments were less affected of the study reslts, there have been lear idfferences with a statistical indication (0.05) between the wall erection and the life standard attribut to democile change (city, village) especially in the hygienic effects between the villages and cities as the effect on the villages is greater and is attributed to centralizing the hygienic services in the cities. It has also been clarified that there were differences with statistical indication at level (0.05) between the wall building and life standard ettributed to the variety of work natere between the suplayee and merchant for the employee's sake. |
Alshahed Alnahawi between Al Romani and Al Maleqi
Alshahed Alnahawi between Al Romani and Al Maleqi PDF |
| Fidaa' Hamdi Rafeq Fattouh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Wael Fuad Abu-Saleh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 129 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Through time grammar books, had many grammatical quotes whether it was, poetical, Quranic, prophetic quotes, or even old says, prudence's and Arab proverbs. This quoting was their proof in verifying the rightness of their grammatical rules that they mentioned in their books. The difference between grammarians was the preference of the reference source; either it was poetic or Quranic quote. Some of them preferred the poetic quote, use it and put it in the first place in comparison with other sources, others preferred the Quranic quote, and few used the prophetic quotes, whilst there were few who refused to adopt and use it, since they consider it as weakness in the text, as it didn't reach us as it was said by our prophet, In addition to old Arab says (speeches, proverbs and prudence's) its correctness for grammarians. This study is some how a grammatical lesson, comparing between two famous grammarians, whose their names shone over the Arab grammatical history in general, Alromani and Almaleqi. The objective of this study is to compare between those two grammarians, their methodical way in choosing the grammatical proof in its different types, and which they prefer, and how they used those proofs in supporting the grammatical rules in their books,Ma'ani Al-hourof (Alromani), and Rasf EL-Mabani fi Sharh hourof Al- Ma'ani (Almaleqi). This study came in: Introduction, preface, and three chapters, the introduction states the objective and research methodology, while speaking in the preface about the life of those two grammarians, (Alromani and Almaleqi), their Sheikhs, Students, and their most important books. As for the other three chapters, the first one stating the poetic quote, its definition and relevance between first grammarians, and comparing the use of it between the two grammarians we are studying. The second chapter examines the Quran quote, its definition, definition of reading logy, grammarians attitudes, and a comparison between our two grammarians in using the quranic quotes. The third chapter discuss the prophetic quote, its definition, the rezones of its lack of use, and a comparison between the two grammarian in its use, it discuss too the different Arab says, its definition and their ways of quoting from them. The conclusion of this study, showing results and findings in the study, makes the reader aware of the Grammarian proof and its importance for grammarians, standing on the differences between Alromani and Almaleqi, and their stand concerning the subject
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King in Poetry Ignorant
King in Poetry Ignorant PDF |
| Mohayya Abd-Raheem Khader Nassef |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ihsan Addik - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 153 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The current research focused on Aljahleon poems and kings "King in Poetry Ignorant". The study included an introduction and three chapters. The introduction presents the reasons behind the selection of this topic and the main literature recourse used. The first chapter included an introduction that discusses the definitions and linguistic meanings of the word king in ancient languages in addition to two main streams, the first discuses king in human heritage. I found that kings were looked at and considered as holly as God. This gave them the power to role nation's heritage. In the second stream "Kings in Aljahleon heritage" I did not find that Aljahleon were different in their point view from other nations towards the kings and concluded that humans in general are in need to the power that control the universe, a power that they respect and obey and kings were that power that provide them with security. The second chapter handled kings in poetry ignorant and I found that poets included kings in their poems, but kings were a part of the poem and were mentioned in contemporary, praise and defamation and other social aspects of life representing a honest view of Aljahleon life. The third chapter represents the king's images in the poetry ignorant and found three dimensions for this image a religious dimension in which king was thought of as God and in other cases considered as the sun, moon and others. The second image was a psychological dimension of the poets through their views of the good and evil of kings. The third dimension was the social aspect and in this respect, the king has two images; the first considered the king as a symbol of power and oppression and high ranking and the second as a symbol of giving, good, forgiving and welfare and both of these images reflected in an honest way the life of Aljahleon. In conclusion, I summarized the result of the study and ended with a list of used references. Judgments and the lexical meanings. his defines the original poetry and poem which appeared in an attracting way by the end of the third Hijri century and was at the top interest of the language sciences. The current study focused on collecting as much as possible of the poem of this period and I followed during this study two styles: a historical through citation of this phenomenon and the central subjects concerning linguistic, grammatical and scientific; and an analytic descriptive method that was used in the analysis of few poems with respect to its styles, roles and judgments. In addition to that, analysis included the lexical meanings especially those contradict the linguistic features. The study was divided into six chapters and ended with a conclusion included the results of the study. The first chapter discussed the phenomenon of the of the poem of "Al-mtoon", its origin, extensions, and the most important figures of that poem. The second chapter discussed meanings and words, common moral and the verbal ones, and those that share the same common verbal sense and differ in meanings including the opposites. The third chapter included the begging's of the riddles and their types including the linguistic and grammatical in addition to those poets who wrote riddles. The forth chapter was allocated to the grammatical systems and analyzed what is contradictory with the language rules. The fifth chapter was dedicated to poems related to the religion sciences, which is usually written by scholars and includes jurisprudence judgments on the basis of one of the doctrines. Chapters six was a collection of various related topics in order complete and tackle the various aspects of the poem of "Al-mtoon" and included poems of eloquence, medicine and history.
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The Other in Pre Islamic Poetry
The Other in Pre Islamic Poetry PDF |
| Mayy Odhe Ahmad Yasien |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ehsan Al-Deek - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 106 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Talking about “the other” in pre -Islamic era” "Al-jahiil" poet was part of his VIS1Ofl to himself because the” other is exiting in his identity, It forms a subject of temptation for the poet precaution and care from him, through him "the other" we knew how much the Arabs had evaluated “the other” and taken from his culture and civilization. This subject has forced its way in the psychological and social studies but had never been given any care by the ancient literature but they mentioned it through taking about the relationship between the Arab and other nation. This research studies the presence of” the other” in the pre-Islamic "Aljahili" poetry and it also tries to answer questions like, how did the Arab person meet the other?. In the first chapter of the research we answer the pervious question by talking about ways of communication which include political, commercial and religious ways or through ways or missionary missions orjahili singers and musicians. The second chapter discussing the question of how did the poet use “the other” in his poetry, the other was divided into many ethics such as the Persian, the Roman, the Indian, the Napatean and the the other was present in peace and war times through importing weapons eg, the Indians words or through wars e.g -wars between the Arabs and the Persians or the Romans, also in peace times the Habashsi presence through buying and selling slaves forn Habashi land. In the third chapter I discussed the religious side of” the other “through relation with the Jews, Christians and Mjous and their presence in al -jahili poetry, the most striking point was that “the other had no important effect on the Arab from the religious side. we can refer this to the fact that the Jews were c and cruel and the Christians were so peaceful and not crule and these characterstics which the Arab hate, The has no considerable presence in the poetry due to weak effect on the arab person. The fourth chapter discussed the effect of” the other” on the language and music of the poet, we found some expressions that enter the Arabs from the Persian or Roman languages such as names of musical instruments perfumes and flowers, the music effect can be seen in using rhymes and rhythems and meters from quick to slow or "Majzo" or "mashtoor" that gives poetry its glamour and artistic poetry which we notice in their poetry. |
Images of war in pre-Islamic poetry
Images of war in pre-Islamic poetry PDF |
| Ebtesam Nayet Saleh Abu-Alroob |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ehsan -El-deek - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study investigates the images of war in the pre0islamic poetry and its connection with legends and old believes; the study analyze this imagery for the old Arab including the rituals and religious events that is related. This study will track the various images of war in the old Arabic poetry. The methodology of the research is based in previous studies that are presented in this topic and my effort was focused on the collecting of the scattered images and to clarify the boundaries of the methodology from the poetry of many old poets who used these images. The study used resources and reviews from many references that took the subject from many angles and the critical studies the manhag takamly was used on this study. The nature of the study made the obligation to distribute the materials in and introduction and three chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter, the war in heritage, traced the war in ancint nations like Sumerians, Babylonians, cannaites, Hebrew and the pre-Islamic Arabs tribes from the perspective of their rituals of war. The second chapter holds the title image of the human war, in the chapter the focus was on the images that are related to the female and its relation to war and the artistic description from a comparative approach. On the other hand, the images of male in war which focused on heroism and sacrifice and the discretion of the war hero and the and the deionization of the enemy. The third chapter of the study, the natural images of war, in this chapter the nature as a living or dead entity that took thew images of camal in war, goul ,animal, grinding wheels, water, and its cmaprisn and images of war that unified the poets of the certina images. Finally, the concusion of the study were presented (add from ur own . |
The Poetry of Andalusia Judges from the Conquest to the End of Princelings Era Critical Analysis
The Poetry of Andalusia Judges from the Conquest to the End of Princelings Era Critical Analysis PDF |
| Ashja' Rushdi Abdul-Jabbar Duraidi |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Wael Fuad Abu-Saleh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 300 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The title of my thesis was (the poetry of al andalus judges from the islamic conquest to the end of the age of the sects kings). The judicial system gained great importance among the puplic and private people because it was organically related to their religion and lives. There were certain conditions to appoint a judge: right brains, muslim, male, just, familiar with religious laws, sound senses, and some others which would earn him great praise, respect, and credibility. The judge used to be chosen by the ruler; how ever vice rulers, the princes or the judges of provinces, advisors were allowed to set up the judges. Also the plebians had the chance to nominate their judge. The judges had some other responsibilitis like marriage contracts, prison affairs , and heritages. The judges had assistants such as copyists, porters, and security forces. They lead a life of humbleness, simplicity, and honesty. They had meagre incomes from the treasury; there residencies were so simple and had no signs of luxturies. They would decide cases at mosques. Besides, they had offices to organize their judicial jobs. The number of them was large, but, unfortunately, poetry of sixteen judges were found . Some of them left a lot of poetry, others left alittle. Their poetry was easy, prose- like and their dictions were affected by then - civilization. Their poetry works were full of synonyms and antonyms. They injected their poems with emphatic items in their statements. They used different figures of speech like similes, synechdoches, etc. Most of their poetic writings were no more than six lines for each short stanza. The main focus of which was on description, and ethics. The poems, on the other hand, tactled longing, elegy, and knowledge. The sources which contain the poetic works lacked good printting and accuracy, so that’s why I had to correct the wrong musical structures. |
AL-Andalus Grammarians Efforts in Facilitating Arabic Grammar
AL-Andalus Grammarians Efforts in Facilitating Arabic Grammar PDF |
| Fadi Saqer Ahmad Aseedi |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Wael Abu Saleh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 216 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study is considered one of the fundamental studies in the linguistic and syntax research studies in Arabic language history as it tries to reveal the cultural and scientific legacy of the Islamic culture in Spain. This study, which consists to five chapters, aims to investigate the endless efforts of the grammarians in Al-Andalus (Spain) to simplify Arabic grammar and solve many related problematic issues. Thus, this study tries to shed light on the different styles and methods followed to achieve the above mentioned goals. In the introduction, the researcher in this study clarifies the importance of the subject, justifies why it was chosen and explains the methodology followed throughout the study. Chapter one discusses the introduction of syntax to Spain, the most famous grammarians and their roles in the development of this science, the reasons behind the publicity of the science of syntax in Spain and how this science was affected by jurist writings and their different approaches mainly the apparent doctrines and the various factors that motivated the grammarians is Spain to simplify the rules and principles of syntax. Chapter two targets three Spanish grammar books written mainly to simplify grammar. I introduced the most popular methods used to simplify grammar in three resource books. Those books are "Al-Wadih" written by Abu-Bakr Al-Zubaidi, Al-"Tawti'a" written by Abu-Ali Ashlobin and "Al-Tasheel" written by Ibn-Malik Al-Jiyyani. Chapter three discusses the efforts of the Spanish grammarians in explaining and illustrating grammar books that come from the East which were considered a basic tool in simplifying grammar for the Spanish Muslims .In this study I introduced the most popular books well-known for the people of Spain among which are 'Sibawayh book', "Al-Jamal" written by Al-Zujaji, "Al-Iedah" written by Abu-Ali Al-Fasi. Those books were explained by great scholars like Al-Shantamri, Ibn-Al-Batlayousi, Al-Labli and Al-Saffar. Chapter four tackles the rejection of the linguists in Spain to some of the grammar issues mainly Al-thawani and Al-Thawalith and their rejection to the theory of the (Doer) like Ibn-Al-Mada'Al-Qortobi and Ibn-hazm who rejected such doctrines. In addition to that I presented the opinions of many Spanish linguists who rejected the idea of linguistic cause and its linguistic effects and the impact of that on grammar. Chapter five introduces poetry used for teaching grammar in Spain used as a significant tool to simplify grammar and lessen the problem of syntax. A representative selection was chosen by the researcher as an example of the most popular types of poetry composed for that purpose. The findings and recommendations come at the end of this research. |
Maqamat
Maqamat PDF |
| Saddam Hussein Mahmud Omar |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Ibrahim Al- Khawajah - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 129 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The autobiography of "Badi‘u ’l-Zaman al-Hamadhani" and his artistic ingenuity presents to us a unique identity between a person and his ingenuity, his personal and artistic concerns, his age and his art, and his subject and himself. That is both of "al-Hamadhani" and the character he created "abu’l-Fath al- Eskandari" felt unjust, and castaway by the governing elites. They felt that they had to deceive and trick people inorder to live and survive. Through out their neglect to people they lived their life without letting anyone recognize their neither pure sole nor core. It seems that back then literates were doomed to express different ideas from those they believe in, and to pretend what they are not. This might be the reason behind the mystery that surrounds "Al-Hamadhani" lineage, his ideas, his continuous wandering between countries, and his escape faraway to the city of Harat. On one side "al-Hamadhani" who was quick tempered and extremely sensitive managed to profit using his art and ingenuity just like "abu al-Fath al- Eskandari". He also managed to be the scandal of his age and the witness on it. He had a sharp and accurate vision. His heart was loaded with scenes, pains, and wisdom. For which his "Maqama" –which in one way or another are his stories- were overloaded with pain, apprehension, and sarcasm. He managed to mingle fun with seriousness, poor with rich, and good with bad. So that these maqamat would honestly represent an age where things and opposites were mixed.In addition to what is known about "Badi‘u ’l-Zaman al-Hamadhani" maqama of being extremely artistic and of high level pose. What mostly distinguish them are honest, intimacy of experience, and the depth of sentiment. That is exactly why they had a renewed effect through out ages until the very recent day. While on the other side those maqama that were once considered to be sorcery, an evidence of the vilification and secession of that age, and that were said to be merely figures of speech are now seen as a valuable timeless pieces. In which rhetorical styles were implemented, and in which "alHamadhani" appeared as a unique artist who can overpass any rhythmic restrictions benefiting from his widened knowledge of vocabularies, ideas, and imagination. Despite "alHamadhani`s" honest still he is mainly concerned with impressing the audience; both hearers and readers. He even may have over passed his antecedents from those who wrote almaqama since he used to travel seeking for fame, money, and uniqueness in an age that worshipped form and decorations. For which "alHamadhani`s" work resembled that age. So the huge amounts of artificiality in his maqama can not be considered of a negative influence. Since pure, inguine, and spontaneous artificiality overcomes pose. "alHamadhani`s" prose in most of his maqama took a form of poetry that is based on a magnificent rhythm and rhyme. In which all the artificialities are nothing but a requirement of that age. This study showed that the language in" alHamadhani`s" maqama and what the rhetorical figurations that signified them were nothing but an overlapping the extremes of the text identity: figure and content. It might be true that his maqama were much decorated and well beautified with all types of rhetoric language. But it was the age requirement and its own artistic style in writing, which was not a restraint to "alhamathni" from presenting a very rich, throbbing, living, and renewed text. which may also me unique in the history of Arabic language for his works combination of beauty of the form and the intensity and quaint of the subject. |